Farewell to the One-Reelers :: essays research papers

The plot of Big Red Riding Hood is as slim as you can get, yet that is typically the situation with most one-reelers. Charley plays Jimmy Jump as in the entirety of his one-reel shorts. A title portrays Charley's character, "Jimmy Jump - A scholarly monster, yet a monetary dwarf." Charley's undertaking in this film is to decipher the story "Little Red Riding Hood" into Swedish. In this way, in the whole film, Charley attempts to wrap up the story. At the point when a man purchases the book and places it in the secondary lounge of his vehicle, Jimmy rides nearby the vehicle with his bike. He is so caught up in his perusing that he doesn't understand that two or three hoodlums have taken the vehicle and are being pursued by the police. After a vehicle to-vehicle shootout, with Jimmy unmindful of any activity that happens around him, he and his bike tumble off the harbor and into the ocean where he figures out how to complete the story. In spite of the basic plot, it is very unique, and numerous great stiflers come from it. One essential muffle is when Jimmy attempts to peruse the story from over an overhang utilizing optics. A cop, persuing a cheat, fires his weapon noticeable all around hitting the covering, which tumbles to the ground alongside Jimmy. There are numerous droll episodes that Jimmy gets into, such as getting pricked with a sharp item in his back and attempting to maintain a strategic distance from a dubious cop, however numerous stiflers are very roused. The detailed shootout just as Jimmy's drop into the water toward the end fill in as the film's most energizing minutes. The part when Jimmy falls into the water is very critical, truth be told. Directly after he plummets into the ocean, he completes the story and a wide grin goes over his face, yet similarly as fast dread registers on his mug as he understands where he may be. Another noteworthy, yet very dreamlike, scene in the film is the fantasy arrangement. In it, Jimmy is an awkward woodsman and Helen Gilmore plays Little Red Riding Hood.

What is good about stillwater Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is acceptable about stillwater - Essay Example This is beyond the realm of imagination in Kuwait because of the very blistering climate. On the off chance that my head is as of now yearning because of study, I can go for a stroll outside which revives the psyche seeing trees and greeneries while getting a charge out of the climate. On the off chance that I will do this in Kuwait, I will be toasted by the sun and will probably lose my state of mind to concentrate once more. It isn't just me who appreciates the climate in Stillwater. My better half is starting to adore the outside which she used to stay away from back in Kuwait due to the searing warmth. She would now be able to stroll with a buggy with our child which was not prudent in Kuwait in light of the baby’s affectability to warm. The number of inhabitants in understudies at Oklahoma State University at Stillwater originates from various nations and ethnicity and this gives me superb open door not exclusively to become familiar with the educational program yet additionally others from various societies. As it were, learning at Stillwater doesn't just extend my brain through its scholarly rigors yet additionally grows my social viewpoint being to comprehend individuals from points of view and foundations unique in relation to mine. This is called social deftness which is fundamental expertise at the worldwide economy. The interconnectedness of nations and economies will require us some time or another to work with others of various nationality. This chance of learning others of various societies would be constrained had I concentrated in Kuwait. Universities in Kuwait are likewise excellent aside from that educational programs are instructed in Arabic and this cutoff points remote understudies to select there. So essentially, Kuwait universities doesn't give a chance to be uncovered in a global domain in light of the fact that the majority of its understudies originated from Kuwait and Gulf nations. Concentrating in Kuwait would not extend my social skyline as it would on the off chance that I will learn at Stillwater. Having a recognition from Oklahoma State University at Stillwater will without a doubt give me an

The Band 9 Essay Samples

The Band 9 Essay SamplesIf you are one of the people who wish to sit your IELTS exam, then it is necessary for you to start by studying the Band 9 essay samples. This will help you in assessing whether or not your essay's are up to the mark or not. By studying these Band 9 essay samples, you will be able to figure out if you are able to comprehend the concepts on how to write an essay and whether or not your essays contain facts that are accurate and based upon the facts. In addition, these bands 9 essay samples will help you in making sure that your essays are unique and different from others.The band class, you will be entering is a part of the academic system that was developed to help students make better choices in terms of academic knowledge. The IELTS exam is actually a part of this system that aims to make sure that students do not fall prey to the high class society and get enrolled into an elite university. Since it is important for students to be able to pass the Band clas s so that they are able to qualify for entrance into an educational institution of their choice, there are some basic guidelines that can be used to determine which Band class you are going to take.There are two types of the Band class; the IT (International Technological) and ILS (Individual Languages). Both types of the Band class allow students to gain additional qualifications and opportunities in a specific career field. The IT class covers a wide range of subjects including computer science, mathematics, chemistry, electronics, engineering, electrical engineering, and communications, among others. On the other hand, the ILS class covers a broader range of subjects including languages, religious studies, and arts.The Band 9 essay samples are divided into two levels. One is ILS and the other is IT. Since both the ILS and IT essays are similar, it is important for you to understand the importance of writing one as the other.The purpose of the Band 9 essay samples is to ensure tha t you know how to write academic papers in general. Before attempting to do so, you should note that the process can be easier than you think. With the high demand of the Band class, there are many private tutors that can offer professional tutoring for the Band class. Through the tutoring, you will be able to know how to write academic papers as well as recognize that style of writing best suits your personality.In order to help you with the essay that you are going to write, it is important that you have access to professional tutors. Private tutors can help you with the essay you are about to write because they have already done the same. This will not only help you with the essay that you are going to write, but it will also ensure that you know what kind of essay you are going to write so that you are able to reach the goal that you want to achieve.One of the most important aspects of writing an essay is to make sure that the information that you have acquired is accurate. Band class is considered to be one of the most difficult class that a student could be assigned. With this, it is important for students to ensure that they are able to avoid making mistakes that can affect their grade in the class.While it may seem complicated, the Band 9 essay samples can help you attain the knowledge you need to write a good academic paper. With the online tutoring service, you will be able to get the tutoring you need at home or wherever you choose. With this, you will have access to the tutoring service whenever you want so that you are able to focus on other activities.

The American Dream and the Declaration of Independence Essay

All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among there are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. It is in this sentence from the Declaration of Independence, that the idea of the American dream has its roots. The phrase, â€Å"the American dream† can mean many different things, but among the most basic interpretation is that America is a land of opportunity and freedom for all who come to it. The idea of the American dream has influenced people to come to America in search of economic opportunities, political choice, and religious freedom. When the Declaration of Independence was written, Europe still had a basic caste system in place. If you were born a poor peasant, you†¦show more content†¦This principle alone has inspired millions to come to America in hope of a better future for themselves and their descendents. From the Irish peasants fleeing starvation in the 17th century, to modern-day Hispanics seeking employment, people have always looked to America as a land in which to prosper. Next, people have been drawn to America for the unique political and governmental system. Tyranny, oppression, and dictatorships in countries all across the globe made America seem like a glowing beacon of safety. The idea of a representative government, in which the individual saw that their voice could be both heard and protected, was astounding to some. Our founding fathers created a government that would serve the people and guard both their rights and freedoms. For example, the freedoms of speech and assembly lured Rus sians from the communist Soviet Union in the past. In modern times, Cubans have fled the oppression of their dictator, Fidel Castro. Lastly, the American dream could not be complete without the principle of religious freedom. This was the sole reason the Pilgrims first came to the Americas; they were escaping persecution in their native country. For men came across the sea not merely to find new soil for their plows but to win freedom for their souls, to think and speak and worship as theyShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream By The Declaration Of Independence886 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream Introduction The American dream is the hope in freedom which enables all citizens to achieve their goals through hard work. The American dream is a belief of equality and prosperity in America. The American dream is a set of ideals that allows society to have high standards of living through hard work of citizens. The country has no barriers and every member who works hard has an equal opportunity. The hope of having a sense of social equality is the American dream (Stalp). ItRead MoreMartin Luther King s I Have A Dream Speech891 Words   |  4 PagesJunior’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. Ever since children have been born, they have celebrated Independence Day by either going to a parade, or shooting fireworks. Although, at these young ages, children don’t quite know the real importance of each of them. Martin Luther King Jr. wanted every human being, regardless of their race to be treated fairly or just. Independence Day was the day on July 4, 1776 where fifty-six courageo us men signed a treaty that would declare our independence against Great BritainRead MoreEquality And The American Dream1068 Words   |  5 PagesEquality and the American Dream History has a way of repeating itself. The problem of inequality has lasted as long as man has throughout the course of time. People are thought to be brave when they stick up against inequality. On July 4, 1776 Thomas Jefferson wrote the most important document in the history of our nation. The Declaration of Independence was the official document that claimed that their new name the United States of America and they would succeed from unfair British control. TheRead MoreAmerican Dream Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the â€Å"American dream†? The answer varies from person to person, and no one has the exact same thoughts on it. One may feel that it is the ability to become rich and famous one day, another may hold it as a dream to live in a free country, while someone else may think of it as the doorway to happiness for anyone that will chase it. Just as the answers vary, the reasons behind each person’s opinion varies. Perhaps the person grew up in a war-tor n country and escaped to America, or maybe theyRead MoreWomen And The American Dream1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream is the belief that every person in the United States has an equal opportunity to become successful. However, some people are not entitled to the American Dream. 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The â€Å"Declaration of Independence,† written by Thomas Jefferson, and Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech both address the problem of not being free. Even though Thomas and Luther were alive 150 years apart and had very different lives, they both faced the same issue of human equality that drove them to write some of the most influential works in Ame rican history. Although they bear some superficial similarities, the difference between the Declaration of Independence and â€Å"I HaveRead MoreThe American Dream By Martin Luther King Jr.943 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream is a theory that is controversial and has many different prospects for each individual. America is the land of the free. It comes with many struggles that are faced by the people who choose to settle here. From the very beginning, the settlers who came to escape from Great Britain and start a new life started the standard life in America. The treatment of African Americans was one example of how the American Dream can be taken away from a group of people, but it also shows howRead MoreWhat Is American By Hector St. John De Crevecoeur1250 Words   |  5 Pages*Summary: â€Å"What Is American† â€Å"What is American† by Hector St. John de Crevecoeur was an advertisement for America. America is explained as a beautiful and structured place that came to be after work was done to a wild woody place. The text stated â€Å" he beholds air cities, substantial villages, extensive fields, an immense country filled with decent houses, good roads, orchards, meadows, and bridges, where an hundred years ago all was wild , woody and uncultivated!† Another point that was made thatRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence and the American Ethos Essay examples1325 Words   |  6 Pagesits ethics is the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, is a document that the majority of American’s know about. It is taught to children as early as elementary school. I remember learning about its basics all the way back in second grade when my teacher had the class put on a play about American history. As young as I was I knew the document is important but the thought did not occur to me that it is the basis for American Ethos. This document

Biography Of Margaret Macmillan s Paris 1919 - 1437 Words

Margaret Macmillan’s Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World attempts to provide a complete narrative of the tense six months in which the world met in Paris after the Armistice that ended the First World War. Macmillan herself is a Professor of International History at the University of Oxford as well as the Warden of St Antony’s College . She is also the great granddaughter of British Prime Minister David Lloyd George . In the book Macmillan provides unprecedented insight into this Peace Conference and examines its impact and influences in a new and insightful manner. The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 was one of the few international conferences that had lasting effects that are still being observed in the present day. Many historians attribute the biggest legacy of the Paris Peace Conferences to be the Treaty of Versailles. As a consequence, they consistently attribute the events of 1919 as the cause of the Second World War . Macmillan, on the other hand, claims that the treaty is not to blame for the start of the War and it was instead created as a means to an end. Macmillan goes on to argue that the domestic issues Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau and David Lloyd George faced often took precedent over international issues. Macmillan lastly suggests throughout her book that there was more to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 then the settlement terms of the War. She instead suggests that the Peace Conference aimed to reshape the world that emerged after theShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 an d 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesEconomic History 8 (1979): 593–679. 22. Timothy Hatton and Jeffrey Williamson, The Age of Mass Migration: Causes and Economic Impact (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998). 23. For sources on numbers, see Adam McKeown, â€Å"Global Migration 1846–1919,† Journal of World History 15, no. 2 (2004): 188–189. More generally, see Philip Kuhn, Chinese among Others: Emigration in Modern Times (Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 2008); Adam McKeown, â€Å"Conceptualizing Chinese Diasporas, 1842 to 1949,† Journal

How the Great Gatsby and a Clockwork Orange show...

Through literature, many authors have attempted to represent the societies in which they live and what they think society may become in the future if things continue to be looked over such as political corruption. This is clear in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel ‘The Great Gatsby’. Fitzgerald tries to encapsulate the corruption that lay beneath the extravagance of society in the roaring twenties. In contrast, Burgess’s novel, ‘A Clockwork Orange’, depicts a futuristic society in which the novelist fears about mankind’s capacity for corruption are explored. In both novels, it is made quite clear from the introductions, that society is corrupt. The corruption of society is introduced more subtly in ‘The Great Gatsby’, compared to ‘A†¦show more content†¦The use of the phrase â€Å"viddy him swim in his own blood while we counted the takings†, shows how criminals such as Alex and his â€Å"droogs†, can get away with such vicious acts of crime so often that it has become a hobby for them as they take so much enjoyment from the acts. Also the casual tone depicted from the text suggests the careless nature that Alex has towards the vulgar acts. These combined together add to the theme of corruption in society in ‘A Clockwork Orange’. It is also clear from both novels that the main characters are severely corrupt. The characters are both part of society in the books and therefore, add to the emphasis on a corrupt society. There is speculation in the novel as how to Gatsby came into his wealth. There are many indications from people whom attend his parties, as to where the wealth stemmed from, crime. It is even said that Somebody told me they thought he killed a man once. Others say that its more that he was a German spy during the war. The word â€Å"spy† suggests something corrupt about his new found fortune as it has connotations of him being secretive yet violent. This shows a corrupt society because people are speculating about Gatsby’s wealth, with thoughts of him being a criminal, yet still attend his parties. Another connotation of people attending his

Ice Cream free essay sample

References| Page 31-32| Executive Summary In this report, there are lots of researches has been done. In order to successfully finish this research analysis, the author had found 265 people to participate on this survey. Throughout this 265 people, 150 respondents confirmed as the true respondents with the highest accuracy of the information given. The author had used simple random sampling as the method of data collection. This is because this method is simple and it can involve large number of respondents. While for the survey, the author used face to face survey. The reason is because face to face survey is much easier to get the real answer and the time spent with the respondents will also be long enough to get the wanted information. Throughout this research, the author had followed the MRS code of conduct when they do the analysis. Besides that, limitations like time of information completion, uncertainties of numbers reached in a specific time and the uncooperative of the public. Magnolia – The pioneer ice cream brand in terms of flavour, quality control, variety, technology and distribution produced by the merger of SMC and Nestle. It introduced the Flavor of the Month series that provided a huge variety of ice cream flavours to the consumer, with projected volumes of FoM ice cream sold reaching over 28 million gallons. It pioneered the introduction of tropical fruit flavours. It was the first to achieve International Standards Organization quality standards, and is the only Filipino ice cream brand that has expanded overseas. Magnolia is poised as the main competitor, as it aims to be at the forefront of the dairy industry.With increasing competition, MNC intends to make its products available in neighborhood stores and major outlets; introduce a feedback mechanism that will help the corporation monitor the market; and employ new approaches to selling. Currently, magnolia is the preferred choice of many five star hotels, fine dining restaurants, sports and country clubs and food chains. Presto – this brand claims value for money, as part of the corporate philosophy of the Gokongweis, owners of JG summi t corp. hich URC is part of, which is to make available value-for-money items for all its consumer-branded products, and as such has positioned its prices lower than Magnolia Selecta. Presto excels in the frozen novelties market, as was demonstrated in their introduction of Tivoli bars, the first ice cream bar in the Philippines, a phenomenal success that had competitors challenge it with their own versions of ice cream bars. Presto currently holding the number three position, is determined to further widen its market share and catch up with the giants.Thus, the company is eyeing the possibility of plant capacity expansion and wider distribution network. It is also determined to enhance its advertising campaigns and be very active in the communication field. Arce Dairy – This ice cream brand was started in January 1995 and immediately got hold of a 5% market share. Its trademark was the use of carabao milk as base, comfortably within the 5-16% fat content requirement to be called ic e cream because carabao milk contains considerably more fat than cow milk (9. 65% as opposed to 4. 16%).Only the expensive ice cream (super deluxe and super special) of Arce contain carabao milk, and are priced at higher than the rates of the competition, showing that Arce’s main strength is its appeal to the AB market where its products cost P3-5 more than its competitors’ products, and as its regular ice cream products are priced lower than its competitors by P3-5 which indicates its attempt to appeal to the CD market’s tendency to want every peso to count. Coney Island – 1976 saw the entry of Coney Island in the local ice cream market.It introduced a new standard of creaminess thanks to its products’ high milk fat content, setting a standard for flavour richness back then. Purefoods acquired it in 1991 and increased its production capacity without having neglected the improvement of its quality. In line with Pure Food’s rule of following the highest international standards, Coney Island tried to implement the zero- vegetable fat and at least 10 percent milk fat standard of US ice cream. It used high quality ingredients like Callebaut chocolate from Belgium for its top-of-the-line products such as the Premium Bar, Pure and Simple and Bugs Bunny Bar.It repositioned itself in the market in 1995 to improve local competitiveness. It marketed its products as â€Å"Not Just Ordinary Ice Cream†, supported by new flavours and packaging. Coney Island revised its product classification, and began categorizing its bulk ice cream as simply creamy, fruit and nuts, and cakes and pastries instead of the traditional premium and super premium. This move was inspired by a study that showed that consumers buy ice cream on the basis of flavour concepts. Foreign Brands – Foreign include Haagen-Dazs, Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream and Baskin-Robbins. Dreyers was the first to penetrate the local market.

Excessive force by the police

Introduction Police are charged with the responsibility of safeguarding citizens and dealing with crime. In performing these duties, they are authorized to use the acceptable force within certain limits. The amount of force that a police officer is entitled to use depends on the situation and it varies greatly from one situation another.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Excessive force by the police specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, law enforcers have abused this privilege due to lack of clear laws on the amount of force that an officer is entitled to use in a given situation. Some officers have resorted to using excessive force even under unnecessary circumstances. Excessive force may take the form of physical assault, sexual assault, verbal abuse, or use of lethal force when dealing with suspects or the public at large. Police brutality is a contemporary worldwide issue as cases of savagery continue to a rise despite the numerous laws governing the conduct of police officers. Police use of force in the US The laws governing the conduct of police officers in the United States are very clear. They give a police officer the right to use reasonable force when dealing with law aggressors, but at the same time they set limits in which such right is applicable. However, police officers tend to abuse this privilege by assaulting innocent citizens in the pretext of maintaining law and order. A police officer who violates the rights of a citizen in any way is liable to pay for damages and injuries suffered. The local media in the US reports on many cases of public assault; however, most of these cases do not reach the international media and the perpetrators go unpunished (Ritchie Mogul 2007). Presumably, in the United States, this malpractice is directed towards the minorities and it is very common amongst African Americans. Police brutality in the US has a long history and it was first des cribed in the New York Times in 1893 to describe acts of a police officer who had assaulted a member of the public (Troutt 1999). Even before the modern policing came into existence, there were cases of public harassment by the traditional patrol officers who used nightsticks and blackjacks. The highest cases of police misconduct were recorded during this period probably due to lack of formal laws governing their conduct (Troutt 1999). With the introduction of the modern policing in the nineteenth century, cases of police brutality reduced slightly in the United States. The nineteenth century was characterized by many reforms in the police department. Several laws were enacted to protect the public from police assault and some police officers were charged in court for allegedly misusing their positions to cause suffering to civilians.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of such refo rms occurred in 1991 when a judge sentenced several officers to a jail term of 32 months each for assaulting an African- American in Los Angeles (Davis 1994). The sentence followed a video recording by a civilian as the police assaulted the man, which was then presented to the court. The news hit the international media and reached almost all parts of the world. Unfortunately, the efforts were not good enough to stop this vice. In 1992, police officers killed more than 50 people while thousands of others were injured as they staged peaceful demonstrations on the streets of Los Angeles opposing the release of two of the four police officers charged for the murder of Rodney King (Medina 2012). Rodney King’s case prompted the formation of an independent commission referred to as ‘Christopher Commission’ to investigate the conduct of police officers across Los Angeles. The commission executed its mandate and came up with recommendations, which were never implemented. The commission revealed acts of abuse and misconduct by police officers, which supported the case filed by Rodney King. On the other hand, the media reported on the severity of misconduct by police officers and cited the Blue code of silence as the key setback against the fight against police torture (Davis 1994). The 19th century also saw the formation of district attorneys and other commissions that were mandated to carry out investigations regarding police brutality. The composition of these commissions was in question as the members were fellow police officers. Only a few commissions ran under the watch of civilians, but they depended on police officers in their investigations. These commissions’ operations were thus compromised and they only contributed less in the fight against police misconduct (Westmarland 2005). Police harassment continued even after the formation of organizations opposing the vice. Demonstrators faced torture as they staged demonstrations in the st reets. Use of tear gas and truncheons formed the order of the day. In 1967, during the Vietnam War, the police used tear gas and live bullets to disperse crowds gathered to demonstrate against the war (Villalobos 2011). Police brutality cases were surging over the past one decade. Reports tabled by various researchers indicate that most cases go unreported due to public ignorance of the law and the lengthy process involved in filing such cases (Villalobos 2011). A study carried on a sample of about 12,500 people, 14% agreed to have faced torture from the police in the form of verbal and physical abuse, but only about 32 % of the cases were formally reported (Villalobos 2011). This trend is a major setback to the fight against this fast-growing vice. Few documents on the cases of harassment caused by police exist. However, a report from the justice department in 2005 revealed that out of the 26,000 cases reported by citizens on the issue, more than 20,000 had merit (Villalobos 2011). This aspect implies that the police continue to assault civilians even in this modern era, which is characterized by various reforms in the police department.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Excessive force by the police specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Statistics from the US Justice Department released in 2002 indicated that in the year 2000 alone, more than 422,000 people of 18 years and above faced police torture or threat thereof (Villalobos 2011). This number is high in such a developed country. Another report tabled by the Amnesty International in 2006, indicated that in prisons too, police brutality was a common scene as the use of un-muzzled dogs in police cells was a norm (Villalobos 2011). The prisoners were tortured in a bid to force then accept charges for crimes that they had not committed. Investigations Investigations about police tortures are done under the watch of the internal police. Consider ing the existence of the Blue code of silence, which prevents an officer from exposing the wrongs done by a fellow officer, it is clear that the independence of the investigating committee will be compromised, thus leading to a decision favoring the accused officers (Westmarland 2005). Most decisions so far made by the committees are in favor of the accused officers, and thus a majority of them goes unpunished. A study of the Chicago police on cases of police brutality in 2007 showed that out of more than 10000 police harassments cases reported, only 18% resulted in an action (Villalobos 2011). The study also alleges that the accused officers continue to serve even as the investigation continues. It also reveals that out of the largest police departments, only 17% have a committee of investigation by civilians (Villalobos 2011). These civilian ran committees have earned public confidence and most victims of torture prefer reporting their cases to these committees as opposed to those ran by the police themselves. Judgments delivered by the committee by the civilians were considered unbiased as opposed to those delivered by the police committee. Causes Conventionally, excessive use of force by the American police is directed against African Americans and other minority groups. About 80% of all cases involving police using excessive force on the public involve black Americans (Ritchie Mogul 2007). Racial discrimination is thus correlated with the key causes of this vice. Reportedly, between 1990 and 1994 alone, more than 450 African Americans died after being tortured by the police (Ritchie Mogul 2007). A study carried out in the United States in 1999 revealed that police are more likely to arrest Africans as compared to the Americans. Therefore, it is evident that ethnicity is the key cause of brutality in the country (Ritchie Mogul 2007). However, cases of police brutality arising out of racial discrimination are decreasing following the rise of human rights groups that protect the civilians’ rights. A good example of such a group is the Amnesty International, which was founded in 1962 with over two million members all over the world.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The enactment of the prohibition Act of 1969, which staged war on drugs, also contributed to the rise of brutality cases as it gave police officers the power to conduct a search on any civilian suspected to be involved in drug trafficking (Westmarland 2005). Police misused this right to harass innocent citizens in the name of conducting searches. The other cause of police deviance in the United States is lack of clear laws defining the maxims of ‘reasonable force’ (Westmarland 2005). Police will thus use excessive force even where it is not needed in the name of self-defense. The existence of various doctrines and separation of power are other factors that drive police into this misconduct. For example, there is a provision in the American constitution barring the prosecutor from investigating vigorously misconduct by a police officer (Westmarland 2005). Others include poor police training, religious differences, and political differences. In addition, the provision of the law that places the burden of proof on the plaintiff serves as a contributing factor as well. It is thus difficult for the affected to win a case against a police officer who in the course of his or her training earns some knowledge on the country’s laws. Cases to support police brutality against minorities Various incidents support police brutality against the minorities in the United States. One such incident involved a 23-year-old Africa American, Oscar Grant III, who was reported to having been murdered by a police officer in California in the year 2009 (Gahary 2013). In their defense, the police alleged that the man resisted arrest, which forced them to open fire, thus killing him on the spot. The man is said to be unarmed and even the video tapes recorded by the bystanders revealed this view. This was not the first time that Garner faced harassment from the police, as in 2008, a police officer had knocked him several times on the head leaving him unconscious. The vi ctim died later in 2009, but the impeached officer entered a non-guilty plea and only condemned for 2 years in jail. This case is just an example of how police officers escape charges leveled against them by the minorities. The other incident believed to be fueled by racial discrimination involved Abner Louima, an immigrant from Haiti. The man allegedly protested against his arrest but the police abused him in the process on enforcing the arrest. In the station, the man was tortured and the officers took him to the bathroom, unclothed him, inserted blunt objects into his small intestine, and dismantled his dental formula as he tried to scream for help (Gahary 2013). According to eyewitnesses, the man had no injury when the police arrested him, but after being manhandled by the officers, he had to be admitted in the hospital for surgery (Bennett Livingston 2003). However, the accusations were shelved and the officers involved were charged with first class assault and sexual abuse an d were to serve long jail terms. The third example involves yet another African American, Patrick Hall. The man served in the US military force until his retirement in 2007. After his retirement, he joined the university to further his studies as he operated a hotel business at the city of Macomb. In the hotel, he employed more blacks than whites. This move raised eyebrows and the police raided the hotel premises severally claiming that the retired officer conducted some illegal activities. In their searches, police would subject Hall to all forms of torture and intimidation (Gahary 2013). This went on for a long period and made the running of the business very difficult. His civil rights were infringed and it became evident that not only the police were against him, but also other authorities since when he tried to file a suit against this humiliation, it was opposed and he was forced to close down his business and leave the city to seek refuge elsewhere. The 19th century, specific ally the period between 1962 and 1964, saw the rise of various organizations that worked as sympathizers of minorities in the US. In addition, some leaders like Martin Luther King came out strongly to condemn police aberrancies with the strongest words possible. During the same period, the blacks living in the US formed the Black Panther Party to defend their rights. This party became the most vigorous movement and it engaged police in several tussles resulting in the deaths of more than 30 civilians and about 15 police officers in 1963 (Gahary 2013). Police brutality in other countries Police brutality is not just an American problem, but it cuts across the world nations. It is even severe in the developing countries where dictatorship form of governance still exists. Police in these countries use force without facing the law as even the leaders support such brutality. In most developing countries, there exists no separation of power between the judiciary and the executive, thus th e executive is in a position to influence the outcome of a suit filed against its law enforcers even where enough evidence is available. This aspect together with other factors drives the police department into exploiting the citizens. A report released by Amnesty International showed that countries with authoritarian regimes are the most affected by this problem. Their cases are similar to that of the US as colleague officers carry out investigations, and thus there is a tendency of the cases favoring the accused at the expense of the victim of torture (Bennett Livingston 2003). For example, in the UK, a police officer reportedly murdered a New Zealand teacher in 2010, but the investigating committee set by the government to probe into the matter favored the law enforcer (Segan 2013). In their report, they claimed that it was impossible to identify the actual killer as the other police officers refused to give the necessary information that could lead to the identification of the suspect. This incidence is not the only case involving police brutality in the UK. In 2009, the media reported on a man who received beatings from the police. Allegedly, police officers hit him with a blunt object in the forehead before beating him to death. The officer connected to the demise of the victim was immediately arrested and charged with manslaughter, but was he later released unconditionally despite the evidence of a video clip taken by a bystander (Segan 2013). This aspect poses the question on when this deviation by the police will end. Police cruelty is also common in Serbia. In this country, most severe cases involving public mistreatments by the police have been recorded as the citizens demonstrated against the leadership of the then President and subsequent governments (Segan 2013). During this period, huge numbers of deaths were reported with many other citizens sustaining serious injuries in the hands of the police. In July 2010, a film taken by journalists showe d police publicly assaulting five demonstrators. The five were arrested, chained, and then taken to the police cells where they were subjected to serious beatings for over an hour. In an interview with the media, the then internal security minister denied these allegations terming them as exaggerations by the media aimed at tarnishing the reputation of the police force (Segan 2013). This realization is a clear indication that police liaise with leaders to deprive citizens of their rights, by giving the law enforcers the right to do anything without being held accountable. In India, police brutality cases were higher in the 19th century as compared to the contemporary times. In 1930, police ordered a truck driver to run on Babu Genu, an Indian citizen, who worked at a cotton factory (Bennett Livingston 2003). The reason behind the killing was that the man was a leader of a group of demonstrators opposing the importation of clothes. In 1983, police killed a suspect of drug traffickin g in Mumbai in yet another incident of brutality (Bennett Livingston 2003). The suspect neither had weapons at the time of the killing nor the drugs he was being accused of peddling. Additionally, the police never gave the suspect a chance to surrender or even defend himself as required by law. They opened fire and sprayed more than 50 bullets to the man, thus killing him on the spot (Bennett Livingston 2003). The most recent case involving police brutality in the country occurred in January 2014. A video clip posted on the police website by a strong political party in India concerning the incidence showed police officers harassing a person to the extent of stealing from him (Segan 2013). Finland is another country with a history of police misconduct. The situation was fueled by the supremacy battle between capitalists and communists that was evident in the 1920s. From time to time, police engaged communists in tussles as communists staged demonstrations opposing the capitalistsâ €™ leadership. Inadequacy of police officers and lack of equipments are other factors that cause police to use force in their duties. In recent cases, police have been videotaped harassing civilians in the country. In 2006, a police officer was charged in connection with seducing an underage girl and subsequently raping her (Balko 2012). This incidence is not the only case illustrating police brutality in Finland. In 2007, an immigrant from Iran was arrested and tortured by police in Pasila city. The victim suffered several fractures as police beat him to accept false charges leveled against him. Ironically, the officer responsible for the beating was only sentenced to 80 days of job suspension (Balko 2012). The same police brutality issues are common in Indonesia. As opposed to other countries, in Indonesia the problem is fueled by religious differences. Muslims living in the country are seen as criminals, and thus are the most targeted by the law enforcers. A suspect from Musl im religion, if arrested, is killed on the spot (Campbell, Chidester, and Bell Royer 2004). Police brutalities directed to journalists involved in the coverage of these events have also been reported. In 2012, police beat a journalist for attempting to take a video as they tortured a civilian. In the same year, police officers opened fire on Muslim demonstrators killing five people and injuring several others (Balko 2012). Indonesia lacks an independent body to handle complaints of police misconduct, thus most officers escape without facing the law. Egypt is another good example of countries that police brutality is common. Allegedly, the number of police officers is inadequate to control the ever-rising population, which is one of the reasons why the police officers have resulted in using force to contain criminal acts. However, this assertion is only an excuse to divert the attention of the international community from demanding an explanation to some of these matters. The most m emorable incident involving police misconduct in the country occurred in 2011 when citizens took to the streets pushing for police reforms. The demonstrators engaged police in running battles for over an hour until the officers opened fire killing hundreds of them and injuring many others. Conclusion Police brutality is a major problem facing almost every country in the world. Cases involving police misconduct are on the increase despite efforts by various human rights activists to curb the situation. There has been reluctance by some nations in adopting universal human rights standards that will be applicable in all countries worldwide. For example, the United States and Somalia have downplayed regional and international treaties brought forth in an effort to terminate this problem. Clear laws governing the conduct of police ought to be adopted and applied in each country across the world. In addition, there should be well-defined penalties for officers found guilty of mistreating members of the public. Reference List Balko, R 2012, ‘Why are there no good data on police use of force’, Huffington Post, Nov. 12. Web. Bennett, W Livingston, S 2003, ‘Editors’ Introduction: A semi-independent press: government control and journalistic autonomy in the political construction of news’,  Political Communication,  vol.20 no.4, pp. 359-362. Campbell, S, Chidester, P, Bell, J Royer, J 2004, ‘Remote control: How mass media delegitimize rioting as social protest’,  Race, Gender Class, vol. 11 no. 1, pp.158-176. Davis, P 1994, ‘Rodney King and the decriminalization of police brutality in America: direct and judicial access to the grand jury as remedies for victims of police brutality when the prosecutor declines to prosecute’,  Maryland Law Review, vol.53 no.2, pp. 271 – 357. Gahary, D 2013, Police brutality a common occurrence across America. Web. Medina, J 2012, ‘In years since the riots, a changed complexion in South Central’, The  New York Times, April 24, p. 46. Ritchie, A Mogul, L 2007, In the shadows of the war on terror: persistent police  brutality and abuse of people of color in the United States. Web. Segan, S 2013, ‘What is excessive force’, ABC News. Web. Troutt, D 1999, ‘Screws, Koon, and routine aberrations: The use of fictional narratives in federal police brutality prosecutions’, NYU Law Review, vol. 74 no.1, pp. 18 -122. Villalobos, J 2011, ‘Promises and human rights: The Obama Administration on immigrant detention policy reform’.  Race, Gender Class,  vol. 18 no.2, pp.151-170. Westmarland, L 2005, ‘Police ethics and integrity: Breaking the blue code of silence’,  Policing and Society,  vol. 15 no.2, pp.145-165. This essay on Excessive force by the police was written and submitted by user P0rter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Communist Ideology and the Chinese Communist Party essays

Communist Ideology and the Chinese Communist Party essays Chinese Nationalism refers to cultural, historiographical, and political theories, movements and beliefs that assert the idea of a cohesive, unified Chinese people and culture under state(s) that are primarily Chinese. One difficulty in this definition is the wide variation and ambiguities in the definition of the term Chinese. In 1926, following the death of Sun Yat-sen, the new Kuomintang leader General Chiang Kai-shek launched the Northern Expedition and civil war against the official government to purge the Communists who had been allied with the Kuomintang (KMT). The full-scale civil war lasted until 1949. By the end of 1949, the Communists controlled the mainland. The KMT fled to Taiwan. In 1950 Chiang took office in Taipei under emergency rules which halted democratic processes until the mainland could be recovered. Chinese Nationalistic ideologies all regard Sun Yat-Sen in high esteem and tend to claim to be the legacy of his famous three peoples principles, nationalism, democracy, socialism. Also, Chinese nationalistic ideologies regard both democracy and science as positive forces, unlike Communism. They do have radically different notions of what democracy means though. Opponents of Chinese nationalism attack it on various grounds. Some have asserted that Chinese nationalism is inherently backward and dictatorial and incompatible with a modern state. Others have asserted that Chinese nationalism is fundamentally an imperialist and racist ideology which in practice has led to the oppression of minority groups such as Tibetans and Uighurs. Communist ideology and The Communist Party of China (CPC) are more frequently related to the historical accounts of Mao Zedong and the revolution that took place in mainland China. The CPC is the ruling party of the People's Republic of China. The party was founded in 1921 and fought the Nationalist KMT during the Chinese Civil War. With more than 63 million members today, the Com...

Solid Waste Management Privatization Research Paper

Solid Waste Management Privatization - Research Paper Example This research paper not only discusses today's pollutive levels in India, but also analyzes benefits and disadvantages of privatizing solid waste management services in New Delhi. The researcher explores costs of waste disposal services in India, that had increased from 21 to 42% after the privatization. This drop in costs was mainly attributed to great efficiency and stricter monitoring of the waste services. The government, on the other hand, cannot pay its workers lower than their minimum, therefore without privatization the costs will still remain high. In their provision of services, private companies also have economies of scale to protect the environment and to get into multiple contracts thus, incurring very low costs. In addition this research paper also discusses government bureaucracies, such as service limitations, that are not imposed on private companies and for this reason, their service provision is not hindered at all. Privatization of solid waste management was also thought as beneficial by the researcher due to the increased efficiency of the services. The dumping sites in New Delhi reduced remarkably after the privatization program. In conclusion, the researcher states that privatization of solid waste management certainly has more benefits than if left in the hands of the public sector. Better and improved results are more likely to be obtained if the private sector undertakes the solid waste management services. However, the cost factor is still of great importance.

Is building new roads the solution to traffic congestion in the UK Essay

Is building new roads the solution to traffic congestion in the UK - Essay Example This is the most common argument, which is made about the roads of any major country. Even the political leaders promise to develop the country lifestyle by building new roads whereas developing the existing roads can also matter as far as the progress of the country is concerned. Highly congested roads have very poor safety records. UK being one of the oldest countries in the whole world has many roads, which are very old and unplanned. These roads are not perfect for the people to travel through them. Congestion is the main thing, which appears to be highly dangerous for the travellers. Number of accidents is very high on these parts of the country. This is the reason why the government talks about making newer roads. This is important so that they can divert the excessive traffic to the other ways. (Ascorbic, 2005) Motorways are our safest roads, yet the government is afraid to build them, as they will allow vehicles to run at high speed. We can take look at the ancient times when the Romans used to build new roads while they planned for a new country. (Icknield Way Association, 2004) Their roads were straight and many of these roads smoothed their lifestyle a lot. But here the differences between the Roman ancient roads and the existing roads in UK can be seen. In this country people travel through roads, which are not scientifically planned, and therefore risks of accidents are higher with them. Roman highways in many senses resemble the motorways of the modern infrastructure. So there is an argument in which building motorways are thought to be one of the best-known solutions for a country like UK. (Hume, 2007; Hogarty, 1999) Building up new roads can bring development to the local communities and this work can be done with the help of bypasses and flyovers. Building up new roads also opens up the newer opportunities for corporations and smaller business houses as goods transportation becomes easier than before. It is also like a death for the

Making Dreams Come True Essay Example for Free

Making Dreams Come True Essay As a child, did you ever wish upon a star? Did you ever dream of being a prince or princess in a magnificent castle? Or dream of being able to fly high above the tallest buildings? I know I did, I had many dreams. Many children dream of magical places they want to go, people they want to be, and things they want to feel. The Walt Disney Company has strived to make these dreams of children a reality. Whether it is getting to meet a princess, or getting a new pair of shoes, The Walt Disney Company wants to make every child feel special. The founders, Walt and Roy Disney, originally strived to create animations of fantasy worlds filled with scenes that would make anyone feel warmth. They continued their works by creating physical worlds of excitement; ones that children and their parents could enjoy together. Past and present, Disney also has helped out the community in numerous ways. Today The Walt Disney Company is still making dreams come true. On December 5, 1901, the creator and backbone of Disney, for many years, was born. Walter Elias Disney was most famous for his contribution to the entertainment world in the twentieth century. He went on to become very well known for his motion pictures. Walt Disney created many short films and full length animations; he also was the mind behind the world famous Disney theme parks. Throughout his career, he won 26 Oscars, 37 other awards, and 41 nominations. Walt still holds the record for the most awards ever (Walt). Although Walt Disney is most famously associated with Disney, he was not the only one in on the business. Roy Oliver Disney was Walter Disney’s older brother. Roy was born on June 24, 1893 in Chicago, Illinois. He co-founded Disney along with his brother and served as the chief executive officer of Disney for most of his life. He contributed to all the work that was done with Disney up until his death in 1971. Unlike Walt, Roy was alive to see the opening of Walt Disney World three months before he passed away (Roy). The Walt Disney Company started in a small Los Angeles office in 1923 by the Disney brothers. Their first real production was The Alice Comedies. The Alice Comedies grew popularity quick, and The Disney Company began to flourish. Five years later, the most famous Mickey Mouse was born; Goofy, Pluto, Donald Duck and other Disney characters soon followed. Then in 1937 Disney’s first animated movie was produced; Snow White and the Seven Dwarves was pure success worldwide. Over the next few years, Disney decided to expand his ever-growing company, so he moved to Burbank to build a new studio. There, during the 1940s and 1950s, he along with his team created some of the classic Disney animations including Bambi, Fantasia, Cinderella, Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan (History). Mickey Mouse has a long history; he celebrated his 80th birthday in 2008. Oswald the lucky rabbit was the original character. He starred in a black and white short film cartoon, where he had long black ears, a round pudgy belly, big goofy feet, and a huge but thin smile. He wore high white shorts, with white shoes and white gloves. Walters’s idea of Oswald came after The Alice Comedies series, but was influenced by them. The design came from Alice’s husband Charles Mintz. Walt later decided he wanted to give Oswald a makeover, so he decided to turn him into a mouse. At first he named this mouse Mortimer, but the name did not last. To this day, no one really knows the reason the mouse’s name was changed, but the most popular story is that Walter’s wife did not really care for the name. I am sure Disney was happy that he changed the name, seeing what success would come from the new revised character. After much debate, the character was created and named Mickey Mouse (Suddath). Mickey’s first couple appearances were not a success. All doubts were put to rest when Steamboat Willie hit the big screen, starring Mickey Mouse. The film was the first animation with synchronized sound effects and music. Mickey Mouse’s career had begun, and it was just the beginning. A little over ten years later, animator Fred Moore had an idea to make over Mickey once again; this was another brilliant idea in my eyes. Mickey was originally designed out of circles, therefore limiting his movements. The new Mickey was hoped to move more freely across the screen. Moore also proposed the idea of making a cuter Mickey. As a result, he gave him a pear-shaped body, eyes with pupils and a cute shortened noise. The new Mickey first appeared in one of the earliest and well-known classics, Fantasia; and for the first time, he appeared in color. Mickey continued to appear in short films throughout the years (Suddath). Today Mickey is not as popular in animated films, but I would not hesitate to say he is still alive in the Disney atmosphere. Mickey and Minnie are still recognized worldwide today. After the initial years of getting the Disney Company started, a lot of progress happened very quickly. In 1937 Disney made history by making the first full length animated motion picture; it was titled Snow White and the Seven Dwarves. The famous film was written based on the tale Snow White by Brothers Grimm (Snow). To follow were many Disney classics that children still enjoy watching today. Some of my favorites include Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Peter Pan, The Lion King, The Little Mermaid and The Beauty and the Beast. Disney has created 96 animations and is still created them today. Of those 96 movies, 45 of them are considered classics (The Walt Disney Company). Many of these Disney characters are the focus of two main theme parks that Disney created for everyone to enjoy first hand. To many children and even adults, the Disney parks are magical places. Nothing says it better than their slogan, â€Å"Where all dreams come true. † This is exactly what Walt Disney wanted; he wanted to create a place of magic for both children and their parents. Disneyland is located in Anaheim, California and Disneyworld is located in Orlando, Florida; they are the two amusement parks in the United States. There are also four other parks around the world, along with a Disney cruise line (Walt Disney). Disneyland was the first of the two to be created; it was the only park that Walt Disney himself actually got to witness being built and finished. Construction of the park was started on July 17, 1954, and was opened exactly one year later. Disneyland was a hit from the beginning, opening day was said to be a disaster because it was so overcrowded. The original park cost a massive 17 million dollars to complete. In the 1990s The Disney Company decided to expand the park. It was transformed into a park along with a resort. Along with the Disney Resort, Disneys California Adventure Park, Downtown Disney, and Disney’s Paradise Pier Hotel were created. Inside of Disneyland, there are a handful of mini lands, or at least this is how I see them. I would describe these as brief, but nonetheless powerful and exciting places that are seen around the world or in Disney productions, all composed inside one theme park. One that I particularly remember is the Haunted Mansion which is found in the New Orleans section of the park. The Haunted Mansion was constructed to look like an old southern plantation; inside it, it was created into a haunted adventure. These marvelous attractions draw many guests from around the world every year. As of 2007, Disneyland had been visited by over 14,800,000 people (Disneyland). In 1959 Walt Disney thought about creating another theme park. His main concern was the location because most of the people who came to Disneyland were from the west; which was a downfall because at the time most people lived in the east. Therefore, he wanted to open the Disney experience up to the whole nation by creating a new park closer to those on the east coast. The process of just getting approved for a large piece of land took many years. He had been denied numerous times. Finally, Orlando, Florida was chosen as a site for the new park. Sadly, Walt died in 1966, five years before the park was ever opened. Along with Walt Disney World, Epcot was created in 1982. Epcot is known today as the community of tomorrow. Like Disneyland, Walt Disney World also contains a resort and other parks within. Walt Disney World has not only become the most popular Disney Park, but the most popular entertainment attraction in the United States. On average, 40 million people visit each year. (Walt Disney World). Disney does not only vision to give children an experience of a lifetime through movies and theme parks, but through more heartfelt ways such as giving to charities. In 2008, Disney donated 209 million dollars to charities around the world, hoping to make wishes come true among families. They also have a program for volunteers called VoluntEARS. The company has been serving the community for over 26 years. In those years, the members have helped in 42 countries and contributed 5,000,000 hours of volunteer work. Most recently, in honor of Disney’s 55th anniversary, they are running a deal to promote community service. Disney is offering a free ticket to their park if anyone donates a day to a participating Disney organization (The Walt Disney Company – Corporate). Disney has a long history and it is still striving to create magic every day. Children still enjoy watching the same Disney classics that children watched over 50 years ago. Although Disney’s first few movies are still popular today, new animations are still being made, and are still becoming great hits. Disneyland and Walt Disney World are still magical places that will surely bring a smile to a child’s face. But most importantly, Disney is continuing to fulfill dreams through their community service; these dream come trues are truly magical.

Essay on Social Conventions in Jane Eyre and Hedda Gabler

Social Conventions in Jane Eyre and Hedda Gabler   Ã‚  Ã‚   Charlotte Bronte's novel Jane Eyre and Henrik Ibsen's play Hedda Gabler were written within fifty years of each other in the late 1800s. Both Jane and Hedda exist within the same social contexts. They are women of the middle class in European cultures. The fact Jane is penniless through much of the novel does not exclude her from the middle class. Jane and Hedda's experiences, education and values all belong to the middle class. Therefore it should be no surprise their words echo. In detail and outcome their stories are different. However, it is the constraints of the same social conventions which drive their different destinies. It is the same confusion of social convention with morality and spirituality that pains both their existences. Confusing social convention with legal, moral, and religious codes of conduct is a phenomena not confined to the 19th century. It is this same confusion that created Jim Crow Laws, anti-gay legislation and fuels the fire of the abortion rights debate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social conventions of the 1800's did not allow women of the middle class to live independently. With few exceptions women moved from father's household to husband's household. It was the father's prerogative to arrange a suitable marriage. In truth there might be a carefully selected few to choose from, but any unauthorized selection would hold severe consequences for both men and women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane Eyre's mother was disowned because she chose to marry an "unapproved" man. Jane would suffer because of this transgression, which occurred before she was even born. After being orphaned, Jane lives with her Aunt Reed. She is continually reminded she is a dependent and is unloved by her r... ...ton: Prentice Hall, 1992.    Ellis, Kate and Kaplan, Ann. Nineteenth Century Women at the Movies: Adapting Classic Women’s Fiction to Film. Bowling Green, OH: Popular, 1999    Jane Eyre. Dir. Christy Cabanne. Perf. Virginia Bruce, Colin Clive, and Beryl Mercer. 1934.    Jane Eyre. Dir. Franco Zeffirelli. Perf. William Hurt, Charlotte Gainsborough, and Anna Paquin. 1996    Jane Eyre. Dir. Julian Aymes. Perf. Timothy Dalton, Zelah Clarke. 1983    Jane Eyre. Dir. Robert Stevenson. Perf. Joan Fontaine, Orson Welles, and Margaret O’Brien. 1944    Peters, Joan D. â€Å"Finding a Voice: Towards a Woman’s Discourse in Dialogue in the Narration of Jane Eyre.† Studies in the Novel. 23 no 2. (1991): 217-36.    Zonana, Joyce. â€Å"The Sultan and the Slave: Feminist Orientalism and the Structure of Jane Eyre.† Signs. 18 no 3. (1993): 592-617

Language acquisition Essay

Contemporary researchers, who are interested in the language teaching, ELT publishing, second language acquisition and the theory of language in general while referring the process of a mother tongue influence on a foreign language teaching, usually apply the terms: ‘Language Interference’, ‘Cross-Linguistic Influence’, or ‘Transfer’. All of the terms imply that the language produced by foreign learners is that all the languages of the world have similarities which make a foreign language more familiar to a learner. Thus, while learning a foreign language students try to look for similarities with their mother tongue. These similarities in many cases depend on individual perceptions and in this way can be deceptive. Modern scientists suggest that the idea that the language produced by foreign learners can never be pure, it is unavoidably influenced by learners’ mother tongue. Sometimes mother tongue affects learning a foreign language so much, that the foreign language becomes distorted. So, the foreign language learnt should be better termed an ‘inter-language’ and, as Nicholls, D points out in the article What is learner English? , â€Å"it [the foreign language learnt] will always be a blend of the foreign language and the mother tongue. † (Nicholls 2002). As it was already mentioned above, the similarities found between a mother tongue and the foreign language a hindrance and a help, causing positive and negative transfer. (Nicholls 2002). Positive transfer is found in correct ‘guesses’, and the prompts, which help a learner to get the things right. Though positive transfer is a rich area of study, it is not in the scope of the study of the paper. Further the paper will discuss the negative transfer or the language interference that causes the learner errors in the process of a foreign language acquisition. In the sphere of contemporary education, the English language produced by learners is referred as ‘learner English’. An opposing term to ‘learner English’ is ‘Non-learner English’, the meaning of those is closely connected with the notions: ‘Standard English’ and ‘correct variant of English’. So, following the ideas of scientists, the English produced by learners will always be ‘foreign’. In order to make the further research more clear, it is necessary to define the main terms of the theory. First of all, the theory of language interference operates with the notions: first language and foreign language. Walters K. and Brody M. in their article What’s language got to do with it? define first language as the first language acquired by a person since his/her birth or childhood. If a person learns two or more languages in his/her infancy, then the person is considered to have two or more first languages. (Walters and Brody 2005) In this way, the term ‘First Language’ is very close to the terms ‘Native Language’ and ‘Mother Tongue’. However, the notion of mother tongue presupposes that the person learns the languages from infancy in the home. (Walters and Brody 2005) All in all, native language, as well mother tongue, and first language are learnt by a child mostly unconsciously and involuntary. A child may learn his/her mother tongue even if no special attempts at teaching are made. Also, the first language serves as a spoken medium of communication and â€Å"is largely achieved from random exposure. † (Encyclopedia Britannica 2004). In contrast to the first language, foreign language is taught purposefully. It is not necessarily acquired in one’s childhood or in one’s home. Walters K. and Brody M. write about a foreign language: it is â€Å"learned or used by a person for limited and/or specific purposes such as business transactions or reading. A foreign language is not learned with the in-tent of using it extensively in daily life. † (Walters and Brody 2005) So, another difference is found out. The first language is used in a person’s everyday life, whereas the spheres of usage of a foreign language are limited by place and by time. In other words, students speak or think in a foreign language during their lessons and at their classroom. When the lesson of a foreign language is over, students naturally go back to their mother tongue. This feature, certainly, gives more advantages to students’ mother tongue and encourages them to use their native language in a wider range, more ‘extensively’. The last not only fosters better development of a mother tongue in comparison with that of a foreign language, but also it puts the mother tongue in a dominating position over the foreign language. However, the notion of foreign language should not be confused with the notion of second language.

Famous Physicists